Planet 9

Planet Nine - also referred to as Planet X - is a massive, hypothetical object in an elliptical orbit far beyond Pluto, roughly at a distance that would take 10,000 to 20,000 Earth years for it to complete a single trip around the Sun. Though no direct observations have ever been made of an object fitting the description of Planet Nine, unexpected patterns in the orbits of other, smaller objects in the icy outer reaches of the Solar System could be explained by the gravitational pull of such a body. In early 2016, California Institute of Technology astronomers Mike Brown (famed for his role in demoting Pluto from its rank as the ninth planet in 2005) and Konstantin Batygin announced their observation of dwarf planet 2012 VP113's orbit lining up uncannily well with the orbits of five other extreme trans-Neptunian objects.

Though potentially a coincidence, the odds of this clustering occurring without something tugging them into place were around 1 in 14,000, according to Brown. Two years later, trans-Neptunian object 2015 BP519 was also calculated to be on an unusual trajectory, one that could be affected by a similar mass.

To date, the best evidence of an undiscovered planet in the farthest reaches of our Solar System remains this clustering, along with a strange inclination of their orbits and the orbit of 90377 Sedna that can't be explained by the presence of Neptune. However, subsequent analyses carried out by the Outer Solar System Origins Survey, as well as several other survey results, have found no sign of clustering among other relevant trans-Neptunian objects, making Planet Nine's existence extremely contentious for now.

What might Planet Nine look like?

Assuming this planet-like object really does exist out there, Planet Nine's mass would most likely be a magnitude (roughly 10 times) greater than Earth's, with a girth approaching the range of one of our ice giants. A likely scenario explaining the body's far-flung position puts its origins somewhere between the orbits of Jupiter to Neptune, with a birth much like any of the other gas planets in our Solar System.

Before it could gorge itself, Planet Nine would have received a kick from the gravity well of one of the two gas giants, and found itself out among the icy wastes. In spite of its large, slow orbit, enough time should have passed since the dawn of the Solar System for it to have cleared its orbit of frozen chunks of dust and rock, earning this stunted gas ball an official planetary title. Alternatively, though vanishingly less likely, Planet Nine could be an adopted child snatched away from another passing star long, long ago.

How could we confirm that Planet Nine exists?

If Planet Nine exists, its extreme remoteness - somewhere around 10 times farther out than Neptune - limits the amount of sunlight reflecting back from its surface. Spotting it would be made harder the farther away it is. Not just because of its dullness, but its relative drop in orbital speed would make differences in position harder to identify. There are telescopes capable of observing an object of this size, though with so much sky to cover, researchers would first need to whittle down sections of space where Planet Nine is unlikely to exist. Tracking more trans-Neptunian objects could help manage this. Cassini's measurements on Saturn also excluded regions of our Solar System from the hypothetical planet's influence.

For now, our Solar System remains an eight-planet family. Even if no sign of a ninth member is found, our search could reveal more than enough secrets about our astronomical neighborhood to make the hunt worthwhile.